Process for producing epoxide

ABSTRACT

A process for producing an epoxide represented by the formula (2) which comprises reacting an olefin represented by the formula (1) with oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde and in the presence or absence of a proton source by using no catalyst or using an iron-containing or copper-containing catalyst. ##STR1##

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a process for producing an epoxide represented by the formula (2) shown later.

The epoxide mentioned above is important as an intermediate in producing a wide variety of products, including perfumes, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, liquid crystals and resins.

2. Description of the Related Art

It is well known to convert an olefin to the corresponding epoxide by using peracids such as peracetic acid, m-chloroperbenzoic acid, and the like (Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd ed., P. 370-373). However, since peracids are highly sensitive to shock and are explosive, this method cannot be said to be an advantageous process from the industrial point of view.

To overcome such difficulty, processes have already been developed which comprise oxidizing an olefin with oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde by using a catalyst containing a soluble praseodymium compound (Japanese Patent Application KOKAI No. 59-231077) or a soluble nickel catalyst (Chem. Lett., 1991, 1). However, since these processes use a homogeneous catalyst, they require complicated operations in the separation of the epoxide, the intended product, from the catalyst and in the recovery of the catalyst, and further, when the catalyst is not recovered, the processes will produce a waste water with a high content of undesirable substances. Thus, they are not fully satisfactory as industrial processes.

The object of the present invention is to provide an advantageous process for producing epoxides by oxidizing olefins with oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde which uses no catalyst or uses a catalyst that in easily available and recoverable and that will bring little of undesirable substances into the waste water.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have made extensive study to solve the above-mentioned problems, and resultantly attained the present invention.

Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided a process for producing an epoxide represented by the formula (2) ##STR2## wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ may be the same or different and each denotes a hydrogen atom, (C₁ -C₂₀)alkyl group; alkyl group substituted with a halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or phenoxycarbonyl; phenyl group, phenyl group substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or phenoxycarbonyl; phenylalkyl group, phenylalkyl group substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or phenoxycarbonyl; acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group or phenoxycarbonyl group; provided that R¹ and R² or R¹ and R³ may combine with each other to form a ring, or R¹, R² and R³ may combine altogether to form a condensed ring, which comprises reacting an olefin represented by the formula (1) ##STR3## wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are the same as defined above, with oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde, in the presence or absence of a proton source and in the presence or absence of an iron-containing catalyst or a copper-containing catalyst.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Examples of the olefin represented by the formula (1) used in the present invention include ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, pentadecene, eicocene, methylbutene, methylpentene, methylhexene, metnylheptene, methyldecene, methyltetradecene, dimethylbutene, dimethylpentene, dimethylhexene, dimethylheptene, dimethyldecene, trimethylnonene, ethylpentene, ethylhexene, ethylheptene, n-propylnonene, tetramethylnonene, tetramethyldecene, ethyl-n-propyldecene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclododecene, methylcyclopentene, methylcyclohexene, ethylcyclohexene, ethylcyclooctene, dimethylcyclohexene, norbornene, pinene, allyl chloride, allyl bromide, crotyl chloride, crotyl bromide, 1,4-dichlorobutene, pentenol, cyclohexenol, terpineol, methyl pentenyl ether, cyclohexenyl ethyl ether, cyclohexenyl phenyl ether, pentenyl acetate, cyclohexenyl acetate, pentenone, hexenone, heptenone, methyl hexenoate, ethyl oleate, phenyl hexenoate, phenyl oleate, styrene, methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, stilbene, p-chlorostyrene, m-chlorostyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, p-ethoxystyrene, methylisoeugenol, m-phenoxystyrene, p-acetoxystyrene, p-acetylstyrene, p-methoxycarbonylstyrene, p-phenoxycarbonylstyrene, phenylbutene, phenylpentene, phenylhexene, phenyloctene, p-chlorophenylbutene, m-chlorophenylbutene, p-methylphenylbutene, p-ethylphenylbutene, p-methoxyphenylbutene, p-ethoxyphenylbutene, m-phenoxyphenylbutene, p-acetoxyphenylbutene, p-acetylphenylbutene, p-methoxycarbonylphenylbutene, p-phenoxycarbonylphenylbutene, cyclohexenone, methyl cinnamate, methyl p-methoxycinnamate, phenyl cinnamate, cholesterol, and cholesteryl acetate. The positions of the substituents in the olefins are optional, and the olefins include, if any, the geometric isomers.

The epoxide which is the intended compound of the present invention can be obtained as the epoxide represented by the formula (2) by using the above-mentioned olefin. Examples of the epoxide include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butene oxide, pentene oxide, hexene oxide, heptene oxide, octene oxide, nonene oxide, decene oxide, undecene oxide, dodecene oxide, pentadecene oxide, eicocene oxide, methylbutene oxide, methylpentene oxide, methylhexene oxide, methylheptene oxide, methyldecene oxide, methyltetradecene oxide, dimethylbutene oxide, dimethylpentene oxide, dimethylhexene oxide, dimethylheptene oxide, dimethyldecene oxide, trimethylnonene oxide, ethylpentene oxide, ethylhexene oxide, ethylheptene oxide, n-propylnonene oxide, tetramethylnonene oxide, tetramethyldecene oxide, ethyl-n-propyldecene oxide, cyclopentene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, cycloheptene oxide, cyclooctene oxide, cyclododecene oxide, methylcyclopentene oxide, methylcyclohexene oxide, ethylcyclohexene oxide, ethylcyclooctene oxide, dimethylcyclohexene oxide, norbornene oxide, pinene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxybutane, 1-bromo-2,3-epoxybutane, 1,4-dichloro-2,3-epoxybutane, epoxypentanol, epoxycyclohexanol, terpineol oxide, epoxypentyl methyl ether, epoxycyclohexyl ethyl ether, epoxycyclohexyl phenyl ether, epoxypentyl acetate, epoxycyclohexyl acetate, epoxypentanone, epoxyhexanone, epoxyheptanone, methyl epoxyhexanoate, ethyl epoxyoctadecanoate, phenyl epoxyhexanoate, phenyl epoxyoctadecanoate, styrene oxide, methylstyrene oxide, ethylstyrene oxide, stilbene oxide, p-chlorostyrene oxide, m-chlorostyrene oxide, p-methylstyrene oxide, p-ethylstyrene oxide, p-methoxystyrene oxide, p-ethoxystyrene oxide, 1-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2-epoxypropane, p-acetoxystyrene oxide, p-acetylstyrene oxide, p-methoxycarbonylstyrene oxide, p-phenoxycarbonylstyrene oxide, phenylbutene oxide, phenylpentene oxide, phenylhexene oxide, phenyloctene oxide, p-chlorophenylbutene oxide, m-chlorophenylbutene oxide, p-methylphenylbutene oxide, p-ethylphenylbutene oxide, p-methoxyphenylbutene oxide, p-ethoxyphenylbutene oxide, m-phenoxyphenylbutene oxide, p-acetoxyphenylbutene oxide, p-acetylphenylbutene oxide, p-methoxycarbonylphenylbutene oxide, p-phenoxycarbonylphenylbutene oxide, epoxycyclohexanone, methyl 3-phenylglycidate, methyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate, phenyl 3-phenylglycidate, 5,6-epoxy-3-cholestanol and 5,6-epoxy-3-cholestanyl acetate.

Examples of the iron-containing catalyst include Fe, Fe(CO)₅, Fe(CO)₉, Fe(CO)₁₂, FeO, FeCl₂.nH₂ O, FeBr₂.nH₂ O, FeSO₄.nH₂ O, FeCl₃.nH₂ O, Fe₂ (SO₄)₃.nH₂ O, Fe(NO₃)₃.nH₂ O, Fe(OAc)₃, Fe₂ O₃ and Fe₃ O₄, preferably Fe, FeCl₂.nH₂ O, FeSO₄.nH₂ O, FeCl₃.nH₂ O, Fe(OAc)₃ and Fe₂ O₃, more preferably Fe and Fe₂ O₃. Examples of the copper-containing catalyst include Cu, CuCl, CuCl₂.nH₂ O, CuBr, CuBr₂, CuI, CuF₂, CuSO₄.nH₂ O, Cu(NO₃)₃.nH₂ O, Cu(ClO₄)₂.nH₂ O, Cu(OH)₂, Cu(OCH₃)₂, Cu₃ (PO₄)₂.nH₂ O, Cu₂ O, CuO and Cu(OAc)₂.nH₂ O, preferably Cu, CuCl, Cu(OAc)₂.nH₂ O, Cu(OH)₂, Cu(CH₃)₂, Cu₂ O and CuO, more preferably Cu, Cu(OH)₂, Cu₂ O and CuO. In the above examples of the catalysts, n is normally an integer of 0 to 7. These catalysts may also be used as a mixture thereof, or may also be used after supported on heteropolyacids, silica gel, carbon powders, polymers, and other suitable carriers. The amount of the catalyst to be used is not particularly limited but is usually in the range of 0.01-120% by mole, preferably 0.1-10% by mole, relative to the olefin.

Examples of the aldehyde include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, decanal, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, benzaldehyde, m-chlorobenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, p-tolualdehyde, p-anisaldehyde, and pivalaldehyde. When the oxidation is performed in the absence of a catalyst, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal, isovaleraldehyde, and pivalaldehyde are preferably used. The amount of the aldehyde to be used is not particularly limited but is usually in the range of 1-30 moles, preferably 1-10 moles, per mole of the olefin.

The addition of a proton source is particularly efiective when the transition metal catalyst used is a simple substance. Examples of the proton source include formic acid, acetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, heptanoic acid, decanoic acid, benzoic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and water, preferably acetic acid and benzoic acid. The amount of the proton source to be used is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 1-100 moles per mole of the iron-containing or copper-containing catalyst. When the iron-containing or copper-containing catalyst contains water, however, the use of the proton source is not necessary.

In the process of the present invention, the reaction may also be performed in a solvent. Examples of the solvent which may be used include halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform and ethylene dichloride, esters such as ethyl acetate, nitriles such as acetonitrile and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.

The oxygen used in the present invention may be, besides oxygen, also air. The method of supplying the oxygen is not particularly restricted, and the reaction is generally conducted by blowing oxygen into the system, or under oxygen atmosphere, or supplying oxygen by other suitable means.

The method of feeding the olefin is not particularly limited but, when Fe₂ O₃ is used, the olefin is preferably fed last.

The reaction temperature is usually in the range from 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture, preferably in the range from 20° C. to 80° C.

The reaction time is not particularly limited. The reaction mixture may be analyzed by means of GC (gas chromatography) or the like, and the time at which the conversion to the intended epoxide levels off may be taken as the end point of the reaction. The reaction times is usually in the range from 1 to 48 hours.

In the present reaction, the aldehyde used is converted into the corresponding carboxylic acid and can be easily separated from the intended product.

After completion of the reaction, the intended epoxide can be obtained, for example, by recovering the catalyst by filtration and then subjecting the filtrate to washing with aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, then concentration and, if necessary, further operations such as rectification.

The process of the present invention is an industrially excellent one which can produce a corresponding epoxide from an olefin through a reaction with oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde, in the presence or absence of a proton source, and in the absence of a catalyst or by using an iron-containing or copper-containing catalyst which is easily available and recoverable and which brings little of undesirable substances into the waste water.

The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to Examples, but it is in no way limited thereto.

EXAMPLE 1

A mixture of 164 mg of cyclohexene, 433 mg of 2-methylpropanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane was stirred overnight under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. Analysis of the reaction mixture by GC showed that cyclohexene oxide had been formed in 90% yield.

EXAMPLE 2

A mixture of 272 mg of α-pinene, 517 mg of isovaleraldehyde and 10 ml of dichloromethane was stirred overnight under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. Analysis of the reaction mixture by GC showed that α-pinene oxide had been formed in 86% yield.

EXAMPLE 3

A mixture of 164 mg of cyclohexene, 517 mg of 2-metylbutanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane was stirred overnight under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. Analysis of the reaction mixture by GC showed that cyclohexene oxide had been formed in 88% yield.

EXAMPLES 4-6

Mixtures of 2 mmoles of an olefin, 517 mg of pivalaldehyde and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred overnight under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. Analysis of the reaction mixtures by GC gave the results shown in Table 1.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Example                            Yield.sup.*1                                No.       Olefin       Product     (%)                                         ______________________________________                                         4         1-Decene     1-Decene oxide                                                                             65                                          5         trans-5-Decene                                                                              trans-5-Decene                                                                             92                                                                 oxide                                                   6         cis-Stilbene cis-Stilbene                                                                               38                                                                 oxide                                                                          trans-Stilbene                                                                             48                                                                 oxide                                                   ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on olefin                                                  

EXAMPLES 7-12

A solution of 914 mg of heptanal in 2 ml of dichloromethane was added dropwise over a period of 1 hour to respective mixtures of 164 mg of cyclohexene, 1% by mole (relative to cyclohexene) of a catalyst, 1.2 mg of acetic acid and 10 ml of dichloromethane under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C., and the resulting mixtures were stirred for further 15 hours at the same temperature. Analysis of the reaction mixtures by GC gave the results shown in Table 2.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Example                Cyclohexene oxide                                       No.         Catalyst   yield.sup.*1 (%)                                        ______________________________________                                          7          Fe         71                                                       8          FeCl.sub.2.4H.sub.2 O                                                                      6                                                       9          FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                                     18                                                      10          FeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O                                                                      8                                                      11          Fe(OAc).sub.3                                                                             30                                                      12          Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                          10                                                      ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on cyclohexene                                             

EXAMPLES 13-18

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1% by mole (relative to 1-decene) of a catalyst, 1.2 mg of acetic acid, 685 mg of heptanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. Analysis of the reaction mixtures gave the results shown in Table 3.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         Example                         1-Decene oxide                                 No.     Catalyst    Conversion.sup.*1                                                                          yield.sup.*2 (%)                               ______________________________________                                         13      Fe          56          52(92)                                         14      FeCl.sub.2.4H.sub.2 O                                                                      11          5(49)                                          15      FeSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                                      5           4(81)                                          16      FeO         6           5(84)                                          17      FeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O                                                                      6           4(65)                                          18      Fe(OAc).sub.3                                                                              9           7(82)                                          ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 19-24

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1.1 mg of Fe, 1.2 mg of acetic acid, 6 mmoles of an aldehyde and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 4.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                                                           1-Decene                                     Example               Conversion.sup.*1                                                                          oxide                                        No.     Aldehyde      (%)         yield.sup.*2 (%)                             ______________________________________                                         19      Acetaldehyde   3          3    (100)                                   20      Butanal       73          59    (81)                                   21      2-Methylpropanal                                                                             37          28    (75)                                   22      Cyclohexane-  30          25    (84)                                           carboxaldehyde                                                         23      Pivalaldehyde 44          32    (73)                                   24      Benzaldehyde  16          12    (77)                                   ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 25-29

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1.1 mg of Fe, 1% by mole (relative to 1-decene) of an acid, 685 mg of heptanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 5.

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                                                          1-Decene                                      Example               Conversion.sup.*1                                                                         oxide                                         No.       Acid        (%)        yield.sup.*2 (%)                              ______________________________________                                         25        Benzoic acid                                                                               59         56 (95)                                       26        Formic acid 56         51 (91)                                       27        Heptanoic acid                                                                             58         53 (91)                                       28        Trifluoracetic                                                                             58         45 (78)                                                 acid                                                                 29        p-toluene-  41         39 (94)                                                 sulfonic acid                                                        ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 30-32

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1.1 mg of Fe, 2.4 mg of benzoic acid, 685 mg of heptanal and 10 ml of a solvent were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 6.

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                                                          1-Decene                                      Example               conversion.sup.*1                                                                         oxide                                         No.       Solvent     (%)        yield.sup.*2 (%)                              ______________________________________                                         30        Acetonitrile                                                                               61         56 (92)                                       31        Benzene     31         31 (99)                                       32        Ethyl acetate                                                                              12         12 (99)                                       ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 33-34

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1.1 mg of Fe, 2.4 mg of benzoic acid, heptanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 7.

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                                                           1-Decene                                     Example Heptanal equivalent                                                                           Conversion.sup.*1                                                                         oxide                                        No.     (relative to 1-decene)                                                                        (%)        yield.sup.*2 (%)                             ______________________________________                                         33      2              38         37 (98)                                      34      4              64         55 (86)                                      ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 35-37

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, Fe, 2.4 mg of benzoic acid, 685 mg of heptanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 8.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                                  Fe equivalent           1-Decene                                      Example  (relative to Conversion.sup.*1                                                                         oxide                                         No.      1-decene)    (%)        yield.sup.*2 (%)                              ______________________________________                                         35       0.001        58         52 (89)                                       36       0.05         56         48 (85)                                       37       0.10         56         47 (83)                                       ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 38-45

Mixtures of 2 mmoles of an olefin, 1.1 mg of Fe, 2.4 mg of benzoic acid, 685 mg of heptanal and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 9.

                  TABLE 9                                                          ______________________________________                                         Example          Conversion.sup.*1    Yield.sup.*2                             No.    Olefin    (%)        Product   (%)                                      ______________________________________                                         38     Cyclohexene                                                                              100        Cyclohexene                                                                              79(79)                                                               oxide                                              39     trans-5-  100        trans-5-Decene                                                                           89(89)                                          Decene               oxide                                              40     cis-5-Decene                                                                             100        cis-5-Decene                                                                             56(56)                                                               oxide                                                                          trans-5-Decene                                                                           30(30)                                                               oxide                                              41     1-Methyl- 29         1-Methylcyclo-                                                                            29(100)                                        cyclohexene          hexene oxide                                       42     α-Pinene                                                                           23         α-Pinene oxide                                                                     23(99)                                   43     trans-    14         trans-Stilbene                                                                           12(84)                                          Stilbene             oxide                                              44     cis-Stilbene                                                                             28         cis-Stilbene                                                                              5(16)                                                               oxide                                                                          trans-Stilbene                                                                           21(76)                                                               oxide                                              45     2-Cyclo-  100        2,3-Epoxy-1-                                                                             38(38)                                          hexenol              cyclohexanol                                       ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on olefin                                                        .sup.*2 Based on olefin. Values in parenthesis are based on converted          olefin.                                                                  

EXAMPLES 46-50

Examples 38-45 were repeated except that 517 mg of pivalaldehyde was used in place of 685 mg of heptanal, to obtain the results shown in Table 10.

                  TABLE 10                                                         ______________________________________                                         Exam-            Conver-              Yield.sup.*2                             ple No.                                                                              Olefin     sion.sup.*1 (%)                                                                          Product    (%)                                      ______________________________________                                         46    1-Methyl-  100       1-Methyl-  88(88)                                         cyclohexene          cyclohexene                                                                    oxide                                               47    α-Pinene                                                                            100       α-Pinene oxide                                                                      81(81)                                   48    trans-     100       trans-Stilbene                                                                            90(90)                                         Stilbene             oxide                                               49    cis-        66       cis-Stilbene                                                                               9(13)                                         Stilbene             oxide                                                                          trans-Stilbene                                                                            44(66)                                                              oxide                                               50    Methyl p-   47       Methyl 3-(4-                                                                              43(90)                                         methoxy-             methoxy-                                                  cinnamate            phenyl)glycidate                                    ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on olefin.                                                       .sup.*2 Based on olefin. Values in parenthesis are based on converted          olefin.                                                                  

EXAMPLES 51-54

Mixtures of 272 mg of α-pinene, 1.1 mg of Fe, 2.4 mg of benzoic acid, 6 mmoles of an aldehyde and 10 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 11.

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                                                          α-Pinene                                Example                 Conversion.sup.*1                                                                       oxide                                         No.         Aldehyde    (%)      Yield.sup.*2 (%)                              ______________________________________                                         51          Butanal     11       11(98)                                        52          Isovaleralde-                                                                              42       33(79)                                                    hyde                                                               53          2-Methyl-   91       72(79)                                                    propanal                                                           54          Benzaldehyde                                                                               12       11(98)                                        ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on pinene.                                                       .sup.*2 Based on pinene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted          pinene.                                                                  

EXAMPLE 55

A solution of 1.83 g of heptanal in 4 ml of dichloromethane was added dropwise over a period of 1 hour to a mixture of 561 mg of trans-5-decene, 2.2 mg of Fe, 2.4 mg of acetic acid and 20 ml of dichloromethane under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C., and the resulting mixture was stirred for further 15 hours at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC to obtain the following results.

Conversion: 87%

trans-5-Decene oxide yield:

84% (based on trans-5-decene)

97% (based on converted trans-5-decene)

cis-5-Decene oxide yield:

3% (based on trans-5-decene)

3% (based on converted trans-5-decene)

EXAMPLES 56-66

A mixture of 637 mg of benzaldehyde, 3.2 mg of Fe₂ O₃ and 12 ml of benzene was stirred vigorously under an oxygen atmosphere at room temperature, and then 2 mmoles of an olefin was added thereto over a period of 0.5 hours. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred for further 17 hours at the same temperature. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 12.

                  TABLE 12                                                         ______________________________________                                         Example          Conversion.sup.*1    Yield.sup.*2                             No.    Olefin    (%)        Product   (%)                                      ______________________________________                                         56     Cyclohexene                                                                              100        Cyclohexene                                                                              97(97)                                                               oxide                                              57     α-Pinene                                                                           100        α-Pinene oxide                                                                     90(90)                                   58     Styrene   100        Styrene oxide                                                                            85(85)                                   59     p-Chloro- 100        p-Chloro- 81(81)                                          styrene              styrene oxide                                      60     p-Methoxy-                                                                               100        p-Methoxy-                                                                               89(89)                                          styrene              styrene oxide                                      61     Crotyl     96        1-Bromo-2,3-                                                                              96(100)                                        bromide              epoxybutane                                        62     trans-1,4-                                                                                91        trans-1,4-                                                                               90(99)                                          Dichloro-2-          Dichloro-2,3-                                             butene               epoxybutane                                        63     Norbornene                                                                               100        Norbornene                                                                               100(100)                                                             oxide                                              64     α-Terpineol                                                                        100        α-Terpineol                                                                        80(80)                                                               oxide                                              65     Methyl-    98        1-(3,4-   84(86)                                          isoeugenol           Dimethoxy-                                                                     phenyl)-1,2-                                                                   epoxy-propane                                      66     Cholesteryl                                                                              --         5,6-Epoxy-3-                                                                             88.sup.*3                                       acetate              cholestanyl                                                                    acetate                                            ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on olefin.                                                       .sup.*2 Based on olefin. Values is parenthesis are based on converted          olefin.                                                                        .sup.*3 Isolated yield                                                   

EXAMPLES 67-71

A solution of 897 mg of cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde in 2 ml of dichloromethane was added dropwise over a period of 2 hours to a mixture of 164 mg of cyclohexene, 3% by mole (relative to cyclohexene) of a catalyst, 1.2 mg of acetic acid and 10 ml of dichloromethane under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C., and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for further 15 hours. The reaction mixture was analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 13.

                  TABLE 13                                                         ______________________________________                                         Example               Cyclohexene oxide                                        No.         Catalyst  Yield.sup.*1 (%)                                         ______________________________________                                         67          Cu        80                                                       68          Cu(OAc).sub.2                                                                            85                                                       69          CuCl      78                                                       70          Cu.sub.2 O                                                                               82                                                       71          CuO       75                                                       ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on cyclohexene.                                            

EXAMPLES 72-75

Mixtures of 281 mg of 1-decene, 1% by mole (relative to 1-decene) of a catalyst, 637 mg of benzaldehyde and 12 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere at 25° C. for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 14.

                  TABLE 14                                                         ______________________________________                                         Example             Conversion.sup.*1                                                                           1-Decene oxide                                No.       Catalyst  (%)          yield.sup.*2 (%)                              ______________________________________                                         72        Cu(OCH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                      53           30(57)                                        73        Cu(OH).sub.2                                                                             51           32(64)                                        74        Cu        42           26(60)                                        75        Cu(OAc).sub.2                                                                            40           25(63)                                        ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on 1decene.                                                      .sup.*2 Based on 1decene. Values in parenthesis are based on converted         1decene.                                                                 

EXAMPLES 76-82

Mixtures of 2 moles of an olefin, 1.0 mg of Cu(OH)₂, 673 mg of cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and 12 ml of dichloromethane were stirred under an oxygen atmosphere for 17 hours. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by GC to obtain the results shown in Table 15.

                  TABLE 15                                                         ______________________________________                                         Example          Conversion.sup.*1   Yield.sup.*2                              No.    Olefin    (%)        Product  (%)                                       ______________________________________                                         76     1-Decene  51         1-Decene oxide                                                                          27(83)                                    77     Cyclohexene                                                                              100        Cyclohexene                                                                             79(79)                                                                oxide                                              78     trans-5-  83         trans-5-Decene                                                                          80(96)                                           Decene               oxide                                              79     cis-5-Decene                                                                             96         cis-5-Decene                                                                            19(20)                                                                oxide                                                                          trans-5-Decene                                                                          63(66)                                                                oxide                                              80     α-Pinene                                                          Pinene oxide     100        α                                                   84(84)                                                                  81     trans-    93         trans-Stilbene                                                                          76(82)                                           Stilbene             oxide                                              82     cis-Stilbene                                                                             81         cis-Stilbene                                                                            7(9)                                                                  oxide                                                                          trans-Stilbene                                                                          57(70)                                                                oxide                                              ______________________________________                                          Note:                                                                          .sup.*1 Based on olefin.                                                       .sup.*2 Based on olefin. Values in parenthesis are based on converted          olefin.                                                                   

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing an epoxide represented by the formula (2) ##STR4## wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ may be the same or different and each denotes a hydrogen atom, (C₁ -C₂₀) alkyl group, alkyl group substituted with a halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or phenoxycarbonyl; phenyl group, phenyl group substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl or phenoxycarbonyl; phenylalkyl group, phenylalkyl group substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, phenoxy, acyloxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or phenoxycarbonyl; acyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group or phenoxycarbonyl group; provided that R¹ and R² or R¹ and R³ may combine with each other to form a ring, or R¹, R² and R³ may combine altogether to form a condensed ring, which comprises reacting an olefin represented by the formula (1) ##STR5## wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are the same as defined above with oxygen in the presence of a (C₃ -C₇) aldehyde and a Fe or Fe₂ O₃ catalyst.
 2. A process for producing an epoxide according to claim 1, wherein the reaction is conducted in the presence of a proton source.
 3. The process according to claim 2, wherein the proton source is acetic acid or benzoic acid.
 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein the amount of proton source is 1-100 moles per mole of the catalyst.
 5. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the aldehyde is 1-30 moles per mole of the olefin.
 6. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of the catalyst is 0.01-120% by mole relative to the olefin.
 7. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reaction is performed in a solvent.
 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the solvent is dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile or benzene.
 9. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reaction temperature is 0° C. to the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture.
 10. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the reaction time is 1 to 48 hours.
 11. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the oxygen is supplied by blowing it into the reaction system. 